In video games, identification with avatars—virtual entities or characters driven by human behavior—has been shown to serve many interpersonal and intraindividual functions but our understanding of the psychological variables that influence players' avatar choices remains incomplete. The study presented in this paper tested whether players' preferred style of avatar creation is linked to the magnitude of self-perceived discrepancies between who they are, who they aspire to be, and who they think they should be. One-hundred-and-twenty-five undergraduate gamers indicated their preferred avatar (...) creation style and completed a values measure from three different perspectives: their actual, ideal, and ought selves. The average actual/ideal values discrepancy was greater among those who preferred idealized avatars vs. those who preferred realistic avatars. The average actual/ought values discrepancy was greater among those who preferred completely different avatars vs. those who preferred realistic avatars. These results, therefore, offer additional evidence that self-discrepancy theory is a useful framework for understanding avatar preferences. (shrink)

Recent advances in the field of statistical learning have established that learners are able to track regularities of multimodal stimuli, yet it is unknown whether the statistical computations are performed on integrated representations or on separate, unimodal representations. In the present study, we investigated the ability of adults to integrate audio and visual input during statistical learning. We presented learners with a speech stream synchronized with a video of a speaker’s face. In the critical condition, the visual (e.g. /gi/) and (...) auditory (e.g. /mi/) signals were occasionally incongruent, which we predicted would produce the McGurk illusion, resulting in the perception of an audiovisual syllable (e.g. /ni/). In this way, we used the McGurk illusion to manipulate the underlying statistical structure of the speech streams, such that perception of these illusory syllables facilitated participants’ ability to segment the speech stream. Our results therefore demonstrate that participants can integrate audio and visual input to perceive the McGurk illusion during statistical learning. We interpret our findings as support for modality-interactive accounts of statistical learning. (shrink)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing, SAT 2004, held in Vancouver, BC, Canada in May 2004. The 24 revised full papers presented together with 2 invited papers were carefully selected from 72 submissions. In addition there are 2 reports on the 2004 SAT Solver Competition and the 2004 QBF Solver Evaluation. The whole spectrum of research in propositional and quantified Boolean formula satisfiability testing is covered; bringing together the (...) fields of theoretical and experimental computer science as well as the many relevant application areas. (shrink)

This paper describes the application of eight statistical and machine-learning methods to derive computer models for predicting mortality of hospital patients with pneumonia from their findings at initial presentation. The eight models were each constructed based on 9847 patient cases and they were each evaluated on 4352 additional cases. The primary evaluation metric was the error in predicted survival as a function of the fraction of patients predicted to survive. This metric is useful in assessing a model’s potential to assist (...) a clinician in deciding whether to treat a given patient in the hospital or at home. We examined the error rates of the models when predicting that a given fraction of patients will survive. We examined survival fractions between 0.1 and 0.6. Over this range, each model’s predictive error rate was within 1% of the error rate of every other model. When predicting that approximately 30°K of the patients will survive, all the models have an error rate of less than 1.5%. The models are distinguished more by the number of variables and parameters that they contain than by their error rates; these differences suggest which models may be the most amenable to future implementation as paper-based guidelines. (shrink)

Heyman's model, paradoxically, predicts that whereas a maximizing approach to drug choice will prevent escalation of drug use it will never yield complete abstinence. We suggest an alternative model that overcomes this difficulty by focusing on changes in drug tolerance. A small modification allows maximization to predict either abstinence or moderation (e.g., social drinking).

Book reviewed in this article: Artificial Reproduction: A Social Investigation. By R. Snowden, G.D. Mitchell, and E. M. Snowden. Redefining Human Life: Reproductive Technologies and Social Policy. By Robert H. Blank. Reproductive Ethics. By Michael D. Bayles.

This is a review of a book that tries to re-establish mind-body dualism by using (a) empirical research on near-death experiences, placebo effects, creativity, claiming even that parapsychology should become a respected part of science, and (b) Frederic W. H. Myers' (1843-1901) metaphor of the brain as a kind of receiving device that records what the irreducible mind sends as messages. Among other things, we criticize the lack of philosophical clarity about mind-body relation, and question the book's tendency to refer (...) to past and current parapsychological literature as reliable. (shrink)

This study investigated the performance of boys with psychopathic tendencies and comparison boys, aged 9 to 17 years, on two tasks believed to be sensitive to amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex func- tioning. Fifty-one boys were divided into two groups according to the Psychopathy Screening Device (PSD, P. J. Frick & R. D. Hare, in press) and presented with two tasks. The tasks were the gambling task (A. Bechara, A. R. Damasio, H. Damasio, & S. W. Anderson, 1994) and the Intradimensional/ (...) Extradimensional (ID/ED) shift task (R. Dias, T. W. Robbins, & A. C. Roberts, 1996). The boys with psychopathic tendencies showed impaired performance on the gambling task. However, there were no group differences on the ID/ED task either for response reversal or extradimensional set shifting. The implications of these results for models of psychopathy are discussed. (shrink)

Alexander James Dallas' An Exposition of the Causes and Character of the War was written as part of an effort by the then US government to explain and justify its declaration of war in 1812. However publication coincided with the ratification of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War. The Exposition is especially interesting for the insight it provides into the self-constraint of American foreign policy and of the conduct of a war. The focus is on the foreign policy (...) of the early republic and the related philosophy of law and war. A central idea is that international law should chiefly benefit those remaining at peace. -/- Dallas was a Philadelphian who settled there in 1783, the year of the Peace of Paris which ended the War of Independence, arriving from Jamaica after a British education. He wrote much on law, becoming the first recorder of cases before the U.S. Supreme Court. He later served as Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and federal district attorney for Eastern Pennsylvania, appointed by President Jefferson. He was appointed Secretary of Treasury by President Madison. -/- In this edition the original text is presented with annotations to help identify persons and events of interest. The editor has also added an Introduction, a Bibliography, a short Chronology of Dallas' life and the events of the War, and an analytical Index. As such this annotated edition presents a key primary source in a manner helpful to research for students of the early Republic. (shrink)

Senecas philosophische Schriften führen bald lehrhaft, bald im Plauderton, bald pathetisch, bald ironisch an Probleme heran, die auch die Menschen des 21. Jahrhunderts bewegen: Einsamkeit, Krankheit, Tod... Und seine Ratschläge sind alltagstauglich, weil sie nicht dem Forderungskatalog eines der Welt entrückten Heiligen entstammen. Das Buch enthält die Schriften: Die Vorsehung, Die Unerschütterlichkeit des Weisen, Der Zorn, Trostschrift für Marcia, Das glückliche Leben, Die Zurückgezogenheit, Die Ruhe der Seele, Die Kürze des Lebens, Trostschrift für Polybius, Trostschrift für Mutter Helvia.

The issue of recurrent attenders to eye casualties has received little discussion in the ethics and health policy literature. As many ophthalmology departments offer a walk-in emergency service, protocols need to be in place to ensure appropriate use of this resource and also to identify potential psychiatric comorbidity in such attenders. We illustrate the problem with a recent case.A 42-year-old woman self-presented 14 times over a 4-month period to the same ophthalmic accident and emergency unit. ….

Seine subtile Ironie, auch Selbstironie, liess Quintus Horatius Flaccus zum Meister der genuin romischen Dichtungsform der Satiren werden. Die Scharfe seines Vorgangers Lucilius wie die des Juvenal, der ihm folgen sollte, sind Horaz freilich fremd: ridentem dicere verum. Durch bewusste Regelverstosse verlieren die Hexameter ihre gravitatische Art, und die Verse platschern als reizvolles Geplauder dahin, denen man die sorgfaltige Durcharbeitung und Stilisierung kaum anmerkt. In den Epistulae, seinem Alterswerk, gibt sich Horaz gereift, ein Wahrheitssucher mochte er werden und wendet sich (...) popularphilosophischen Fragen und literarischen Problemen zu. De arte poetica, die dritte Epistel des zweiten Briefe-Buches, kreist um Fragen des Stils und der Charakterzeichnung.". (shrink)

Sartre seeks both to overcome solipsism and clarify how the individual becomes an object—with a seemingly fixed char acter—through his account of The Look in Being and Nothingness. While his description of how The Look of the other transforms one into an object may at first appear to be confirmed by experience, the account proves to be inade quate as a refutation of solipsism and in showing exactly how one becomes an object. On the other hand, G.H. Mead has a (...) convincing approach to how the self comes into being as an object. In the first section of this paper I present and criticize Sartre's position, especially his explanation for how one can experience The Look when the other is not empirically present. The second section investigates Mead's approach to the genesis of the self as social object, and then shows how Mead's ideas can be employed to clarify inconsistencies in Sartre's account, highlighting why Sartre's description ap pears to be confirmed by experience. (shrink)

gedanken von zeitloser Aktualitat werden in den Dialogen uber das Alter und die Freundschaft beruhmten Personlichkeiten aus Roms grosser Vergangenheit in den Mund gelegt. Die kleinen Schriften sind mit ihrer vollendeten Sprache wahre Perlen im philosophischen Werk Ciceros. Herausgegeben von M. Faltner, mit einer Einfuhrung von G. Fink. ".

This paper focuses on the preliminary evaluation of expressions of moral sentiment under conditions of cultural pluralism. The advance of science and technology puts ever new power over nature in human hands, and if this new power is to more fully serve human ends, then it must become the means or material of human virtue. This prospect poses the question of the relationship between power and virtue, and equally, the question of how scientific advances may be understood to enter into (...) a pluralism of moral doctrines and deliberations. Taking a page from the philosophy of science, the present approach examines the relationship between scientific advances and moral evaluations of developing practices as mediated by contemporary accounts of the virtues of hypotheses. If we conceive of expressions of moral sentiment as hypotheses for the amendment or expansion of existing moral doctrines in the light of new possibilities for action, then this suggests that expressions of moral sentiment may be evaluated, in a preliminary way, by reference to standard lists of the virtues of hypotheses: refutability, conservatism, modesty or simplicity, precision, elegance, and generality. Expressions of moral sentiment are subject to preliminary evaluation, on cognitive grounds, by reference to their prospective integration and/or modification of on-going moral traditions. (shrink)

Der berühmte Censor M. Porcius Cato gilt als Römer von altem Schrot und Korn. Dabei war er offen für die modernen literarischen Möglichkeiten seiner Gegenwart und wurde zum Schöpfer der lateinischen Schriftprosa. "Vom Landbau" beschreibt die damals modernsten landwirtschaftlichen Techniken, enthält aber auch Rezepte, Zaubersprüche, medizinische Hinweise und juristische Formeln.

Der im Frühjahr 44 v. Chr. entstandene Dialog "Über die Wahrsagung" versteht sich zunächst als Ergänzung zur Schrift "Vom Wesen der Götter". Er geht der Frage nach, ob die Götter sich der Menschen in der Weise annehmen, dass sie ihnen einen Weg zur Vorhersage der Zukunft eröffnen. Gegen diese stoische Position, wie sie im 1. Buch von Ciceros Bruder Quintus entwickelt wird, zieht der Autor im 2. Buch selbst zu Felde, höchst geistreich und im Wesentlichen dem neuakademischen Skeptiker Karneades folgend. (...) Obwohl der Text mit einem Bekenntnis zur vorsichtigen Zurückhaltung im Urteilen ausklingt, hat ihn die Nachwelt überwiegend im "aufklärerischen" Sinne verstanden: Besonders das 18. Jahrhundert beschäftigte sich intensiv damit und fand in Cicero einen frühen Kronzeugen für die eigene Auffassung, dass alle Formen der Zukunftserhellung auf reinem "Aberglauben" beruhten. Tatsächlich stellen sich die Verhältnisse insofern verwickelter dar, als "Wahrsagung" aus dem antiken öffentlichen und privaten Leben überhaupt nicht wegzudenken ist; auch Cicero will dies nicht, und seine eigene Haltung dem überwältigenden und befremdlichen Phänomen gegenüber ist eher durch Zweifel als durch einfache Ablehnung gekennzeichnet. Aus dem reichen Schrifttum der Antike, das dem Gegenstand gilt, ist allein Ciceros Werk erhalten geblieben. Sein religionsgeschichtlicher Wert ist unschätzbar, weit über die Alte Welt hinaus. Anschaulich und anhand vieler Beispiele führt es die verschiedenen Formen der Wahrsagung vor: griechische Orakel, ekstatisches Sehertum, Träume, Lose, Astrologie, römische Auspizien und etruskische Haruspizien. Mit Einführung, Anmerkungen und Literaturhinweisen. (shrink)